Rails i18n: Hướng dẫn quốc tế hóa Ruby on Rails toàn diện

# Rails includes i18n out of the box via the i18n gem
# config/application.rb
module MyApp
  class Application < Rails::Application
    # Default locale
    config.i18n.default_locale = :en

    # Available locales
    config.i18n.available_locales = [:en, :de, :ja, :es, :fr, :'pt-BR']

    # Fallback to default locale when translation is missing
    config.i18n.fallbacks = true

    # Load translations from nested directories
    config.i18n.load_path += Dir[Rails.root.join('config', 'locales', '**', '*.{rb,yml}')]
  end
end

# config/routes.rb
Rails.application.routes.draw do
  scope "/:locale", locale: /en|de|ja|es|fr|pt-BR/ do
    root "home#index"
    resources :products
  end

  root "home#index"
end

# app/controllers/application_controller.rb
class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
  around_action :switch_locale

  private

  def switch_locale(&action)
    locale = params[:locale] || I18n.default_locale
    I18n.with_locale(locale, &action)
  end

  def default_url_options
    { locale: I18n.locale }
  end
end

# config/locales/en.yml
en:
  nav:
    home: "Home"
    about: "About"
    settings: "Settings"
  greeting: "Hello, %{name}!"
  cart:
    item_count:
      one: "%{count} item"
      other: "%{count} items"

# config/locales/de.yml
de:
  nav:
    home: "Startseite"
    about: "Über uns"
    settings: "Einstellungen"
  greeting: "Hallo, %{name}!"
  cart:
    item_count:
      one: "%{count} Artikel"
      other: "%{count} Artikel"

# In views (ERB)
<h1><%= t('nav.home') %></h1>
<p><%= t('greeting', name: @user.name) %></p>

# In controllers
flash[:notice] = t('flash.product_created')

# In models
validates :name, presence: { message: I18n.t('errors.blank') }

# With HTML (safe)
<%= t('terms_html', link: link_to(t('terms_link'), '/terms')) %>

# In YAML:
en:
  cart:
    item_count:
      zero: "No items"
      one: "%{count} item"
      other: "%{count} items"

# Arabic (6 forms):
ar:
  cart:
    item_count:
      zero: "لا عناصر"
      one: "عنصر واحد"
      two: "عنصران"
      few: "%{count} عناصر"
      many: "%{count} عنصرًا"
      other: "%{count} عنصر"

# Usage in views:
<%= t('cart.item_count', count: @cart.items.size) %>

# Lazy lookups use the controller/action as scope
# app/views/products/index.html.erb
# Instead of t('products.index.title'), just use:
<h1><%= t('.title') %></h1>
<p><%= t('.description') %></p>

# Rails looks up: products.index.title and products.index.description

# config/locales/en.yml
en:
  products:
    index:
      title: "All Products"
      description: "Browse our catalog"

# Gemfile
gem 'rails-locale-chain'

# config/initializers/locale_chain.rb
Rails.application.config.i18n.fallbacks = {
  'pt-BR': ['pt', 'en'],
  'zh-Hant-TW': ['zh-Hant', 'zh', 'en'],
  'es-419': ['es', 'en'],
}

# The gem deep-merges translations across the chain
# pt-BR -> pt -> en
# Missing keys in pt-BR are filled from pt, then en