Django i18n: vodnik po internacionalizaciji in prevajanju
Od settings.py do produkcije: nastavite prevajalski sistem ogrodja Django, pišite datoteke PO, obravnavajte množinske oblike in avtomatizirajte prevajanje z umetno inteligenco.
Namestite in izločite nize
Ogrodje i18n je že vgrajeno v Django -- le omogočiti ga morate. Namestite django-locale-chain za pametno uporabo nadomestnih področnih nastavitev, nato pa z makemessages iz kode Python in predlog izločite prevedljive nize v datoteke PO.
pip install django-locale-chain# Extract all translatable strings from Python and template files
python manage.py makemessages -l de -l ja -l es -l fr
# After translating .po files, compile to .mo (binary)
python manage.py compilemessages
# Project structure after running makemessages:
# locale/
# ├── de/
# │ └── LC_MESSAGES/
# │ ├── django.po <-- translate this
# │ └── django.mo <-- compiled (auto-generated)
# ├── ja/
# │ └── LC_MESSAGES/
# │ ├── django.po
# │ └── django.mo
# └── es/
# └── LC_MESSAGES/
# ├── django.po
# └── django.moNastavite nastavitve in vmesno programsko opremo
Internacionalizacijo v settings.py omogočite tako, da nastavite USE_I18N = True, določite seznam podprtih jezikov LANGUAGES in v sklad MIDDLEWARE dodate LocaleMiddleware. LocaleMiddleware zazna uporabnikov jezik iz predpone URL-ja, seje, piškotkov ali glave Accept-Language.
# settings.py
from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
# Default language
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en'
# Enable i18n
USE_I18N = True
USE_L10N = True
# Languages your site supports
LANGUAGES = [
('en', _('English')),
('de', _('German')),
('ja', _('Japanese')),
('es', _('Spanish')),
('fr', _('French')),
('pt-br', _('Brazilian Portuguese')),
]
# Where Django looks for .po files
LOCALE_PATHS = [
BASE_DIR / 'locale',
]
MIDDLEWARE = [
'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
'django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware', # <-- enables i18n
'locale_chain.middleware.LocaleChainMiddleware', # <-- smart fallbacks
'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]Internacionalizacija URL-jev
Z i18n_patterns() URL-jem samodejno dodajte predpono s kodo aktivnega jezika. Tako vsak jezik dobi svoj imenski prostor URL-jev (/en/about/, /de/about/), kar je bolje za SEO in uporabnikom omogoča deljenje povezav za posamezne jezike.
# urls.py
from django.conf.urls.i18n import i18n_patterns
from django.urls import path, include
urlpatterns = [
# Non-localized URLs (API, admin, etc.)
path('api/', include('api.urls')),
]
urlpatterns += i18n_patterns(
# These get prefixed with the language code: /en/about/, /de/about/
path('', include('myapp.urls')),
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
prefix_default_language=False, # Skip prefix for default language
)Označite nize za prevajanje
Django ponuja dve glavni prevajalski funkciji: gettext() (z vzdevkom _()) za nize, ovrednotene ob zahtevi, in gettext_lazy() za nize, ovrednotene ob uvozu. V predlogah uporabite oznaki {% trans %} in {% blocktrans %}.
V pogledih (koda Python)
from django.utils.translation import gettext as _
from django.utils.translation import ngettext
from django.http import HttpResponse
def greeting_view(request):
# Simple translation
welcome = _("Welcome to our site")
# Translation with variables (Python string formatting)
user_greeting = _("Hello, %(name)s!") % {"name": request.user.username}
# Plurals
count = request.user.order_set.count()
order_text = ngettext(
"You have %(count)d order.",
"You have %(count)d orders.",
count,
) % {"count": count}
return HttpResponse(f"{welcome}<br>{user_greeting}<br>{order_text}")V predlogah
{# Load the i18n template tags #}
{% load i18n %}
{# Simple translation #}
<h1>{% trans "Welcome to our site" %}</h1>
{# Translation with variables #}
{% blocktrans with name=user.username %}
Hello, {{ name }}!
{% endblocktrans %}
{# Plurals in templates #}
{% blocktrans count count=order_count %}
You have {{ count }} order.
{% plural %}
You have {{ count }} orders.
{% endblocktrans %}
{# Mark strings as translatable but don't output them (for attributes, etc.) #}
{% trans "Submit" as submit_label %}
<button type="submit">{{ submit_label }}</button>V modelih in obrazcih
from django.db import models
from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
class Product(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(_("product name"), max_length=200)
description = models.TextField(_("description"), blank=True)
class Meta:
verbose_name = _("product")
verbose_name_plural = _("products")
def __str__(self):
return self.name
# IMPORTANT: Use gettext_lazy (_) for anything evaluated at import time:
# - Model field labels, verbose_name, help_text
# - Form field labels
# - Class-level attributes
# Use gettext for anything evaluated at request time:
# - View functions, template tagsOblika datotek PO
Po zagonu makemessages Django za vsak jezik ustvari datoteke .po (Portable Object). Te vsebujejo pare msgid/msgstr. Prevedite vrednosti msgstr, nato pa za ustvarjanje binarnih datotek .mo, ki jih Django bere med izvajanjem, zaženite compilemessages.
# locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/django.po
msgid "Welcome to our site"
msgstr "Willkommen auf unserer Seite"
msgid "Hello, %(name)s!"
msgstr "Hallo, %(name)s!"
#, python-format
msgid "You have %(count)d order."
msgid_plural "You have %(count)d orders."
msgstr[0] "Sie haben %(count)d Bestellung."
msgstr[1] "Sie haben %(count)d Bestellungen."
msgid "product name"
msgstr "Produktname"
msgid "description"
msgstr "Beschreibung"
msgid "product"
msgstr "Produkt"
msgid "products"
msgstr "Produkte"
msgid "Submit"
msgstr "Absenden"Obravnavajte množinske oblike in spremenljivke
Django za množinske oblike uporablja ngettext(), ki upošteva množinska pravila GNU gettext. Vsak jezik določa število množinskih oblik in formulo za izbiro ustrezne oblike. Datoteke PO to navedejo v glavi Plural-Forms.
# English: 2 forms (singular, plural)
msgid "%(count)d item"
msgid_plural "%(count)d items"
msgstr[0] "%(count)d item"
msgstr[1] "%(count)d items"
# German: 2 forms (singular, plural)
msgstr[0] "%(count)d Artikel"
msgstr[1] "%(count)d Artikel"
# Russian: 3 forms (one, few, many)
msgstr[0] "%(count)d товар" # 1 item
msgstr[1] "%(count)d товара" # 2-4 items
msgstr[2] "%(count)d товаров" # 5+ items
# Arabic: 6 forms (zero, one, two, few, many, other)
msgstr[0] "لا عناصر" # 0
msgstr[1] "عنصر واحد" # 1
msgstr[2] "عنصران" # 2
msgstr[3] "%(count)d عناصر" # 3-10
msgstr[4] "%(count)d عنصرًا" # 11-99
msgstr[5] "%(count)d عنصر" # 100+
# Japanese: 1 form (no plural distinction)
msgstr[0] "%(count)d個のアイテム"
# In Python code, always use ngettext:
from django.utils.translation import ngettext
msg = ngettext(
"%(count)d item",
"%(count)d items",
count,
) % {"count": count}Avtomatizirajte zagotavljanje kakovosti prevodov
Pogoste pasti
Zamenjava gettext() in gettext_lazy()
Pozabljen zagon compilemessages
LOCALE_PATHS ni nastavljen
Manjkajoči i18n_patterns v URL-jih
Pametne nadomestne področne nastavitve z django-locale-chain
Če regionalna različica manjka, Djangov prevajalski sistem neposredno uporabi LANGUAGE_CODE. Uporabnik z nastavitvijo pt-BR zato vidi angleščino, tudi če imate prevode za pt-PT. django-locale-chain to odpravi z namestitvijo verig nadomestnih prevodov gettext: za pt-BR najprej poskusi pt-PT, nato pt in šele zatem uporabi Vaš privzeti jezik.
# settings.py -- Smart fallback with django-locale-chain
# pip install django-locale-chain
MIDDLEWARE = [
# ...
'django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware',
'locale_chain.middleware.LocaleChainMiddleware', # after LocaleMiddleware
# ...
]
# That's it! 75 built-in fallback chains are now active:
# pt-BR user → tries pt-PT → tries pt → falls back to LANGUAGE_CODE
# es-MX user → tries es-419 → tries es → falls back to LANGUAGE_CODE
# fr-CA user → tries fr → falls back to LANGUAGE_CODE
# Optional: customize specific chains
LOCALE_FALLBACK_CHAINS = {
"pt-BR": ["pt-PT", "pt"],
"es-MX": ["es-419", "es"],
"fr-CA": ["fr"],
}
# Or configure programmatically in AppConfig.ready():
from locale_chain import configure
class MyAppConfig(AppConfig):
name = "myapp"
def ready(self):
configure(overrides={"zh-Hant-HK": ["zh-Hant-TW", "zh-Hant"]})Priporočena struktura projekta
myproject/
├── myproject/
│ ├── settings.py # i18n config, MIDDLEWARE, LANGUAGES
│ ├── urls.py # i18n_patterns for URL prefixing
│ └── wsgi.py
├── myapp/
│ ├── models.py # gettext_lazy for field labels
│ ├── views.py # gettext for request-time strings
│ └── templates/
│ └── myapp/
│ └── index.html # {% load i18n %}, {% trans %}, {% blocktrans %}
├── locale/ # Created by makemessages
│ ├── de/
│ │ └── LC_MESSAGES/
│ │ ├── django.po # German translations
│ │ └── django.mo # Compiled binary
│ ├── ja/
│ │ └── LC_MESSAGES/
│ │ ├── django.po
│ │ └── django.mo
│ └── es/
│ └── LC_MESSAGES/
│ ├── django.po
│ └── django.mo
├── manage.py
└── requirements.txtPreizkusite i18n Agent zdaj
Spustite prevajalsko datoteko sem
JSON, YAML, PO, XML, CSV, Markdown, Properties
ali kliknite za izbiro
Ciljni jeziki
Nadomestne področne nastavitve z django-locale-chain
Ko v regionalnih področnih nastavitvah, kot je pt-BR, manjka ključ prevoda, Django neposredno uporabi jezik predloge, namesto da bi najprej preveril nadrejene področne nastavitve pt.
pip install django-locale-chain# settings.py
LOCALE_CHAINS = {
'pt-BR': ['pt', 'es', 'en'],
'zh-Hant-HK': ['zh-Hant', 'zh', 'en'],
}
MIDDLEWARE = [
...
'django_locale_chain.middleware.LocaleChainMiddleware',
...
]Celoten seznam podprtih ogrodij in 75 vgrajenih verig najdete v našem vodniku po nadomestnih področnih nastavitvah. Learn more →